《日內瓦互聯網自由宣言》中英文稿發佈

來源：參與 作者：張憲

（參與網2010年3月14日訊）：2010年3月9日，第二屆日內瓦人權、寬容和民主高峰會通過了互聯網自由宣言，中國公民力量發起人、哈佛大 學資深研究員楊建利先生擔任該宣言部分的會議共同主席，主持通過了這一宣言。第二屆日內瓦人權、寬容和民主高峰會的共同名義主席是哈威爾和瓦文薩。

會議期間，楊建利先生和出席會議的各國代表就網路自由、人權保護、公民力量的發育等問題進行了討論。作為《零八憲章》簽名人，楊建利先生還為爭取 國際社會對《零八憲章》及劉曉波的支持和聲援做了廣泛努力。

《日內瓦互聯網自由宣言》中文稿由張小剛、陳小平翻譯。（張憲）

《參與》首發，轉載請注明出處。(www.canyu.org)

日內瓦互聯網自由宣言

第二屆日內瓦人權、寬容和民主高峰會維權人士和公民社會代表2010年3月9日通過

序言

我們是來自世界所有區域出席第二屆日內瓦人權、寬容和民主高峰會的維權者和公民社會代表；

根據《世界人權宣言》和《公民權利與政治權利國際公約》規定，人人有權享有主張和發表意見的自由，此項權利包括持有主張而不受干涉的自由和通過任 何媒介和不論國界尋求、接受和傳遞消息和思想的自由；

鑒於互聯網是溝通和思想交流的通用空間，能夠不分種族、宗教、地理和經濟狀況，增進自由和所有人民之間的相互瞭解；

我們注意到互聯網已經成為全球經濟和公民社會所有方面的主要通訊工具，為使其正常運行必須保證其透明度與公開性；

我們相信維繫一個自由的互聯網對充分享有人權、公民自由以及一個自由民主的社會皆必不可少；

我們憂慮到互聯網自由在世界各地面臨的日益增長的危險和攻擊；

我們認識到對互聯網自由的威脅以及通過技術手段對互聯網進行限制和監控構成壓迫環境；

我們確認對網站、線上內容、博客和短信服務進行過濾、監控和審查，壓制獨立思想，違反《世界人權宣言》第19條；

鑒於所有國家都有責任確保互聯網自由；

我們強調享有安全和開放式互聯網的國家有責任，防止出口通訊技術被用作壓制和審查自由互聯網的工具；互聯網公司理當採取合理步驟避免成為侵犯人權 的同謀和為侵犯人權擔責；

鑒於互聯網已在世界範圍內成為政治異見人士、民主人士、維權人士和獨立記者的首選方式，爭取言論自由的鬥爭現已廣泛轉移到線上領域；

考慮到個別國家的互聯網自由正遭受嚴重威脅且威脅在日益加劇，這些國家被監禁的政治異見人士、獨立記者和博客作者迫切需要國際社會提供保護；

回顧2008年歐洲議會提議的關於《歐盟全球線上自由法的歐洲議會法令》，特別是其中指出的專制國家如白俄羅斯、緬甸、中國、古巴、埃及、埃塞俄 比亞、伊朗、北朝鮮、沙烏地阿拉伯、敘利亞、突尼斯、土庫曼斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦、越南等，通過封鎖網址、過濾檢索結果和以網路員警及強制登記來脅迫互聯網用 戶等手段對互聯網進行審查；

我們深切關注中國當局沒收電腦，監禁線上分享資訊線民，封鎖或刪除博客和其他線上服務，記者和社會活動人士因網路活動而被監禁；

我們憂慮伊朗當局通過封鎖互聯網流量、停止電子郵件服務商業務和短信服務方式壓制資訊自由流通，並且設立了特別員警機構搜捕被懷疑為所謂“侮辱和 散佈謊言”的反政府互聯網用戶；

我們深為不安的是古巴當局通過抑制性的高價互聯網用戶使用費、極少公共場所的互聯網接入點和很慢的連接網速以及只限於由政府控制的互聯網供應商提 供互聯網服務等手段幾乎完全限制人們使用互聯網；

我們謹此決定，於2010年3月9日在瑞士日內瓦通過此《互聯網自由宣言》；

我們敦促現在正召開第13次會議的聯合國人權委員會擁護此宣言，以支持面臨威脅的互聯網自由；

我們敦促所有相關的聯合國機構和國際組織擁護此宣言，以支持面臨威脅的互聯網自由；

我們敦促所有自由、人權和民主的志同道合者通過類似的宣言、決議或其他形式的聲明，並將之提交給聯合國，以支持面臨威脅的互聯網自由。

第 1 條
人人都有平等使用互聯網的權利，不論種族、信仰、民族或地域背景。

第 2 條
人人都有不受歧視地享有自由流通資訊和自由發表意見的權利。

第 3 條
人人都有享有透明和開放的互聯網，無需單獨申領互聯網使用許可，和免受諸如昂貴的互聯網用戶使用費等抑制性、歧視性要求限制的權利。

第 4 條
人人都有持有和保護知識產權，維護隱私和秘密免受入侵、沒收和監控的權利。

第 5 條
人人都有保護自己的互聯網接入、互聯網基礎設施和通訊技術不受政府沒收的權利。

第 6 條
人人都享有網路匿名權和線上隱私權，不受政府或第三者入侵性監控。

第 7 條
人人都有在使用互聯網時通過加密或其他方式保證自己身份和資訊安全，保護自己和自己的資訊不受未經授權監控的權利。

第 8 條
任何人不得輸出或銷售以侵犯人權之目而限制使用或接入互聯網的技術、設備或軟體。

第 9 條
互聯網服務供應商未經用戶合法許可，不得向政府、公司或第三者提供任何用戶資訊。

第 10 條
任何限制或脅迫人民使用自由的、不受審查的和安全的互聯網接入的試圖，都是對人權的嚴重侵犯和對增進和平和世界秩序的破壞。

第 11 條
本宣言所確定的權利和自由只受在一個自由民主社會明顯具有正當理由的法律所規定的限制。本宣言中的任何內容都不可解讀為默許任何個人有權進行旨在 損毀《世界人權宣言》所載明的任何權利和自由的活動或行為。

本宣言2010年3月9日由第二屆日內瓦人權、寬容和民主高峰會維權人士和公民社會全體代表一致通過

GENEVA DECLARATION ON INTERNET FREEDOM

Adopted by the Human Rights Defenders and Civil Society Representatives assembled
at the 2nd Geneva Summit for Human Rights, Tolerance and Democracy, March 9, 2010.

Preamble
We, human rights defenders and representatives of civil society from all regions of the world, having assembled here at the Second Geneva Summit for Human Rights, Tolerance and Democracy,

Guided by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantee the right to freedom of opinion and expression, including the freedom to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers,

Recognizing that the Internet is a universal space for communication and the exchange of ideas that can promote freedom and mutual understanding among all people, regardless of race, religion, geography or economic status,

Mindful that the Internet has become a primary vehicle for communication in all sectors of life in a globalized economic and civil society, requiring its transparency and openness to function properly,

Believing that the preservation of a free Internet is essential to the full enjoyment of human rights, civil liberties and a free and democratic society,

Alarmed that the situation of Internet freedom in many regions of the world is increasingly perilous and under assault,

Acknowledging that the intimidation and the use of technologies aimed at the restriction and monitoring of Internet creates an environment of repression,

Affirming that suppression of independent thought by filtering, monitoring and censoring of websites, online content, blogs and messaging services constitutes a violation of Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

Recognizing that all countries have obligations to guarantee Internet freedom,

Emphasizing that countries which enjoy secure and open Internet technologies are obliged to prevent exported communications technologies from being used as a vehicle for suppression and censorship, and that Internet companies should take reasonable steps to avoid complicity with, and liability for, violations of human rights,

Recognizing that the struggle for freedom of expression has today largely shifted online as the Internet has become the means of choice for political dissidents, democracy activists, human rights defenders and independent journalists worldwide,

Considering that there are particular countries in which the situation of Internet freedom is under a grave and gathering threat, with imprisoned political dissidents, journalists and bloggers who are in urgent need of protection by the international community,

Recalling the proposed 2008 Directive of the European Parliament concerning the EU Global Online Freedom Act, in particular its finding that authoritarian states such as Belarus, Burma, China, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam censor the internet by blocking websites and filtering search results and intimidate internet users through cyber police and obliged registration,

Deeply concerned that authorities in China have seized computers, imprisoned individuals for sharing information online, blocked and deleted blogs and other online services, and incarcerated journalists and social activists for online activity,

Alarmed that authorities in Iran have acted to suppress the free flow of information by blockading Internet traffic and suspending email providers and messaging services, and have created a special police division to hunt down Internet users suspected of so-called “insults and spreading of lies” against the regime,

Deeply disturbed that authorities in Cuba imposed near-total restrictions on access through prohibitive user fees, few public access points and slow connection speeds, and restricted distribution of service to a state-controlled provider,

Decide to hereby adopt this Declaration on Internet Freedom, in Geneva, Switzerland, on March 9, 2010;

Urge the United Nations Human Rights Council, now meeting in its 13th Regular Session, to endorse this Declaration and support the cause of Internet freedom in the face of repression;

Urge all other relevant United Nations and international bodies to endorse this Declaration and support the cause of Internet freedom in the face of repression;

Urge all like-minded supporters of freedom, human rights and democracy to adopt similar declarations, resolutions, or other statements to support the cause of Internet freedom in the face of repression, and urge that these be submitted to the United Nations.

Article 1
Everyone has the right to equal access to the Internet, regardless of race, religion, ethnic or geographical origin.

Article 2
Everyone has the right to the free flow of information and freedom of expression without fear of discrimination.

Article 3
Everyone has the right to a transparent and open Internet without the subjection of individual licensing or prohibitive, discriminatory requirements such as heavy tolls.

Article 4
Everyone has the right to preserve and protect their intellectual property, kept private and confidential from invasion, seizure or monitoring.

Article 5
Everyone has a right to protect Internet access, Internet infrastructure and communication technologies from government seizure.

Article 6
Everyone has a right to anonymity and online privacy, free from intrusive monitoring by the state or third parties.

Article 7
Everyone has the right to encrypt or otherwise secure their identities and the security of their information as it travels across the Internet, to protect themselves and their information from unwarranted monitoring.

Article 8
No one should be allowed to export or sell technologies, equipment or software that enables the restriction of Internet use or access for the purpose of violating human rights.

Article 9
Internet providers should not be allowed to provide governments, corporations or third parties any information about their users without their legal consent.

Article 10
Any attempt to restrict or intimidate people from free, uncensored, and secure access of the Internet constitutes a fundamental abridgement of human rights and undermines the promotion of peace and world order.

Article 11
The rights and freedoms set out in this Declaration are guaranteed subject only to such reasonable limits, prescribed by law, as may be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Adopted by consensus, Geneva, March 9, 2010